{"uniprot":"A0A1W2PR19","gene":"GSTT4","name":"Glutathione S-transferase theta-4","organism":"Homo sapiens (Human)","status":"dark","length":241,"sequence":"MALELYMDLLSAPCRAVYIFSKKHDIQFNFQFVDLLKGHHHSKGYIDINPLRKLPSLKDGKFILSESAAILYYLCRKYSAPSHWCPPDPHARARVDEFVAWQHTAFQLPMKKIVWLKLLIPKITGEEVSAEKMEHAVEEVKNSLQLFEEYFLQDKMFITGNQISLADLVAVVEMMQPMAANYNVFLNSSKLAEWRMQVELNIGSGLFREAHDRLMQLADWDFSTLDSMVKENISELLKKSR","function_summary":"A soluble human enzyme that forms a cytosolic dimer and uses a glutathione-binding N-terminal module coupled to a hydrophobic C-terminal pocket to catalyze glutathione conjugation and peroxide reduction. By activating glutathione and aligning hydrophobic electrophiles, it detoxifies reactive compounds and supports cellular redox balance within the glutathione pathway. Its soluble nature places it predominantly in the cytosol, with frequent packaging into extracellular vesicles, where it likely participates in cargo sorting and intercellular redox signaling.","plain_language":"GSTT4 has barely been studied. The model's best guess: A soluble human enzyme that forms a cytosolic dimer and uses a glutathione-binding N-terminal module coupled to a hydrophobic C-terminal pocket to catalyze glutathione conjugation and peroxide reduction. By activating glutathione and aligning hydrophobic electrophiles, it detoxifies reactive compounds and supports cellular redox balance within the glutathione pathway.","uniprot_summary":"Glutathione S-transferase.","go_terms":{"molecular_function":[{"id":"GO:0005515","label":"protein binding"},{"id":"GO:0004602","label":"glutathione peroxidase activity"},{"id":"GO:0004364","label":"glutathione transferase activity"}],"biological_process":[{"id":"GO:0006749","label":"glutathione metabolic process"}],"cellular_component":[{"id":"GO:0005829","label":"cytosol"},{"id":"GO:0070062","label":"extracellular exosome"}]},"interpro":[{"id":"IPR036249","name":"Thioredoxin-like superfamily","type":"homologous_superfamily","start":1,"end":84},{"id":"IPR036282","name":"Glutathione S-transferase, C-terminal domain superfamily","type":"homologous_superfamily","start":82,"end":239},{"id":"IPR004045","name":"Glutathione S-transferase, N-terminal","type":"domain","start":1,"end":82},{"id":"IPR010987","name":"Glutathione S-transferase, C-terminal-like","type":"domain","start":88,"end":222},{"id":"IPR040077","name":"Glutathione S-transferase Theta, C-terminal","type":"domain","start":91,"end":217},{"id":"IPR004046","name":"Glutathione S-transferase, C-terminal","type":"domain","start":120,"end":171},{"id":"IPR051369","name":"Glutathione S-transferase Theta","type":"family","start":1,"end":239},{"id":"IPR040079","name":"Glutathione transferase family","type":"family","start":3,"end":180}],"reasoning":"I begin with the InterPro architecture. The N-terminus (residues 1–82) is defined by IPR004045 (Glutathione S-transferase, N-terminal domain) and sits within IPR036249 (Thioredoxin-like superfamily, residues 1–84). This thioredoxin-like fold forms the canonical G-site that binds reduced glutathione and positions its thiolate for nucleophilic chemistry. The C-terminal half is layered by multiple overlapping signatures: IPR036282 (Glutathione S-transferase, C-terminal domain superfamily, residues 82–239), IPR010987 (Glutathione S-transferase, C-terminal-like, residues 88–222), IPR040077 (Glutathione S-transferase Theta, C-terminal, residues 91–217), and IPR004046 (Glutathione S-transferase, C-terminal, residues 120–171). This C-terminal bundle creates the hydrophobic H-site that accommodates electrophilic or hydrophobic substrates and stabilizes dimerization. Family-level assignments IPR051369 (Glutathione S-transferase Theta, residues 1–239) and IPR040079 (Glutathione transferase family, residues 3–180) specify the enzyme class and subtype, indicating a cytosolic theta-class GST that typically uses a catalytic serine and a positively charged environment in the N-terminal thioredoxin-like domain to activate glutathione.\n\nThis two-domain GST architecture causes glutathione-dependent chemistry. The N-terminal G-site binds and deprotonates glutathione, while the C-terminal H-site orients hydrophobic electrophiles; together they drive GO:0004364 glutathione transferase activity by conjugating GSH to diverse substrates. The same active-site arrangement can channel electrons from GSH to peroxides, explaining GO:0004602 glutathione peroxidase activity observed for several cytosolic GSTs. The obligate dimeric assembly and broad ligand-binding groove rationalize GO:0005515 protein binding as both homodimerization and transient interactions with partner proteins and cargo.\n\nFrom these molecular activities, the biological role follows. By consuming and recycling glutathione during conjugation and peroxide reduction, the enzyme operates within GO:0006749 glutathione metabolic process, buffering cellular redox state and detoxifying electrophiles. The soluble, signal-peptide–free architecture and the classical cytosolic GST fold point to a soluble intracellular pool, consistent with GO:0005829 cytosol. Cytosolic GSTs are frequently packaged into extracellular vesicles; the dimer’s stability and cargo-binding propensity make it a frequent constituent of vesicles, supporting GO:0070062 extracellular exosome.\n\nMechanistically, the enzyme likely functions as a cytosolic theta-class GST dimer. The N-terminal thioredoxin-like module binds and activates glutathione; the C-terminal hydrophobic pocket selects electrophiles and peroxides. This arrangement enables both conjugation and peroxidase reactions, coupling detoxification with redox homeostasis. I hypothesize transient assemblies with other cytosolic GST subunits (for cooperative stability), with glutathione-handling enzymes, and with vesicle-sorting machinery that routes cytosolic enzymes into exosomes. Such partnerships would tune substrate access and trafficking while maintaining glutathione-dependent defense pathways.","category":"dark","control_evaluation":null,"validation_plan":null,"structure":{"source":"AlphaFold DB","pdb":"/structures/AF-A0A1W2PR19.pdb","alphafold":"https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/entry/A0A1W2PR19"},"links":{"uniprot":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/A0A1W2PR19/entry","atlas":"/p/A0A1W2PR19"},"provenance":{"model":"BioReason-Pro (ESM3 esm3-sm-open-v1)","source_list":"Pharos Tdark","note":"AI prediction, not experimentally verified"}}