{"uniprot":"A4FU01","gene":"MTMR11","name":"Myotubularin-related protein 11","organism":"Homo sapiens (Human)","status":"dark","length":709,"sequence":"MWWGGRGQSFNIAPQKEEPEMGSVQENRMPEPRSRQPSSCLASRCLPGEQILAWAPGVRKGLEPELSGTLICTNFRVTFQPCGWQWNQDTPLNSEYDFALVNIGRLEAVSGLSRVQLLRPGSLHKFIPEEILIHGRDFRLLRVGFEAGGLEPQAFQVTMAIVQARAQSNQAQQYSGITLSKAGQGSGSRKPPIPLMETAEDWETERKKQAARGWRVSTVNERFDVATSLPRYFWVPNRILDSEVRRAFGHFHQGRGPRLSWHHPGGSDLLRCGGFYTASDPNKEDIRAVELMLQAGHSDVVLVDTMDELPSLADVQLAHLRLRALCLPDSSVAEDKWLSALEGTRWLDYVRACLRKASDISVLVTSRVRSVILQERGDRDLNGLLSSLVQLLSAPEARTLFGFQSLVQREWVAAGHPFLTRLGGTGASEEAPVFLLFLDCVWQLLQQFPADFEFSEFFLLALHDSVRVPDTLTFLRNTPWERGKQSGQLNSYTQVYTPGYSQPPAGNSFNLQLSVWDWDLRYSNAQILQFQNPGYDPEHCPDSWLPRPQPSFMVPGPPSSVWLFSRGALTPLNQLCPWRDSPSLLAVSSRWLPRPAISSESLADQEWGLPSHWGACPLPPGLLLPGYLGPQIRLWRRCYLRGRPEVQMGLSAPTISGLQDELSHLQELLRKWTPRISPEDHSKKRDPHTILNPTEIAGILKGRAEGDLG","function_summary":"A cytoplasmic myotubularin-lineage scaffold that uses a phosphatase-like core and a specialized C-terminal targeting module to assemble protein complexes controlling phosphoinositide metabolism. By organizing partners that modulate membrane-associated lipid pathways, it fine-tunes dephosphorylation and balances phosphatidylinositol pool dynamics. Its soluble architecture and membrane-proximal targeting explain a primary cytoplasmic residence with transient loading into extracellular vesicles, where it likely helps coordinate membrane remodeling and cargo sorting.","plain_language":"MTMR11 has barely been studied. The model's best guess: A cytoplasmic myotubularin-lineage scaffold that uses a phosphatase-like core and a specialized C-terminal targeting module to assemble protein complexes controlling phosphoinositide metabolism. By organizing partners that modulate membrane-associated lipid pathways, it fine-tunes dephosphorylation and balances phosphatidylinositol pool dynamics.","uniprot_summary":"May be involved in processes of neural and/or skeletal muscle development and function.","go_terms":{"molecular_function":[{"id":"GO:0005515","label":"protein binding"}],"biological_process":[{"id":"GO:0046856","label":"phosphatidylinositol dephosphorylation"},{"id":"GO:0006661","label":"phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process"},{"id":"GO:0035303","label":"regulation of dephosphorylation"}],"cellular_component":[{"id":"GO:0005737","label":"cytoplasm"},{"id":"GO:0070062","label":"extracellular exosome"}]},"interpro":[{"id":"IPR029021","name":"Protein-tyrosine phosphatase-like","type":"homologous_superfamily","start":198,"end":641},{"id":"IPR010569","name":"Myotubularin-like, phosphatase domain","type":"domain","start":196,"end":639},{"id":"IPR022587","name":"Myotubularin-related 12-like C-terminal domain","type":"domain","start":551,"end":677},{"id":"IPR030564","name":"Myotubularin","type":"family","start":45,"end":680}],"reasoning":"I begin with the InterPro architecture. The core of the protein is a myotubularin phosphatase scaffold: IPR010569 (Myotubularin-like, phosphatase domain, residues 196–639) sits within IPR029021 (Protein-tyrosine phosphatase-like homologous superfamily, residues 198–641), establishing a cysteine-dependent PTP-like catalytic fold that is characteristic of lipid phosphatases acting on phosphoinositides. This catalytic core is embedded in a broader family signature, IPR030564 (Myotubularin family, residues 45–680), which ties the protein to the myotubularin lineage that targets phosphatidylinositol phosphate substrates. At the C-terminus, IPR022587 (Myotubularin-related 12-like C-terminal domain, residues 551–677) caps the catalytic region; in myotubularins, this C-terminal module typically mediates membrane association and protein–protein interactions that position the enzyme at endomembranes and cytoplasmic surfaces. The ordered layout—N-terminal family region feeding into a central PTP-like catalytic domain and terminating in a specialized C-terminal targeting module—creates a platform optimized for binding partners and assembling complexes rather than for high-turnover catalysis.\n\nThis architecture dictates molecular function. The PTP-like fold and myotubularin family membership causally specify affinity for phosphoinositide-related chemistry and assemblies. The dominance of interaction-prone modules and the absence of additional catalytic appendages argue that the principal measurable activity is multivalent complex assembly, aligning with GO:0005515 protein binding as the operative molecular function. The C-terminal myotubularin-related 12-like domain further reinforces scaffolding capacity by providing surfaces for adaptor engagement.\n\nFrom this binding-centric function, the biological process becomes clear. Myotubularin scaffolds regulate phosphoinositide flux by recruiting and positioning bona fide lipid phosphatases and kinases; this regulatory role maps to GO:0035303 regulation of dephosphorylation. By organizing enzymes that remove phosphate groups from phosphatidylinositols and coordinating their access to substrates, the protein directly supports GO:0046856 phosphatidylinositol dephosphorylation. Because phosphoinositide turnover is tightly coupled to membrane biogenesis and headgroup interconversion, the scaffold’s assembly of lipid-modifying enzymes also feeds into GO:0006661 phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process, not by catalyzing headgroup synthesis per se but by channeling and balancing the pathways that maintain phosphatidylinositol pools.\n\nCellular location follows from the same logic. The soluble, enzyme-like core and membrane-targeting C-terminus together produce a cytoplasm-facing, membrane-proximal protein, consistent with a soluble pool in the cytoplasm and with GO:0005737 cytoplasm. Myotubularin assemblies frequently traffic via endomembrane-derived vesicles; packaging of cytoplasmic scaffolds into extracellular vesicles is common, supporting presence in GO:0070062 extracellular exosome. The absence of transmembrane segments and the presence of targeting domains favor a cytoplasmic residency with transient membrane association and vesicle loading.\n\nMechanistically, I hypothesize that the protein operates as a non-catalytic myotubularin scaffold that nucleates assemblies of lipid phosphatases and adaptors at cytoplasmic membrane interfaces. By stabilizing complexes that include active myotubularins and endocytic adaptors, it tunes local phosphoinositide levels and thereby modulates membrane remodeling and cargo sorting. Likely partners include cytoplasmic membrane-associated adaptors and active myotubularin phosphatases; together they would coordinate phosphatidylinositol dephosphorylation and route components into exosome biogenesis pathways.","category":"dark","control_evaluation":null,"validation_plan":null,"structure":{"source":"AlphaFold DB","pdb":"/structures/AF-A4FU01.pdb","alphafold":"https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/entry/A4FU01"},"links":{"uniprot":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/A4FU01/entry","atlas":"/p/A4FU01"},"provenance":{"model":"BioReason-Pro (ESM3 esm3-sm-open-v1)","source_list":"Pharos Tdark","note":"AI prediction, not experimentally verified"}}