{"uniprot":"Q86VE3","gene":"SATL1","name":"Spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase-like protein 1","organism":"Homo sapiens (Human)","status":"dark","length":695,"sequence":"MNQSGTNQSSLSDSNQAGINQPSTNSLGMNQMDMNQGSASLYEMNQVDMKQPSMSQAGMRQSGTNLPDINQPDMKQPDTWQLGRSQPGMLQQELSQLVLSKAGISQPDPSQPGPSQSGPSQSRMRQIGTNQSGMSQPVMQQLDSQSGGSQPSMRQVGTSQLGTSQIGMSQPGTWQTGLSQPVLRQPNMSPPGMWQPGVQQPGISQQVPSHPDMSQPGMSQQVPSQPGIRQPDTSQSCKNQTDMSQPDANQSSLSDSNQTGIIQPSPSLLGMNQMDMNQWSASLYEMNQVDMKQPSMSQAGMRQSGTNLPDINQPGMKQPGTWQLGRSQPGMWPQSLSELVLSEASISQPGPPQRAPSQSGPRQSSTSQAGTNQSGISQPVMWQLDMRQSGGSQPSMRQVGTSQSGTSQIGMSQPGTWQTGLSQPVPRQPNKSPPGMWQRGMWQPGMSQQVPSQLGMRQPGTSQSSKNQTGMSHPGRGQPGIWEPGPSQPGLSQQDLNQLVLSQPGLSQPGRSQPSVSQMGMRQTSMDYFQIRHAEAGDCPEILRLIKELAACENMLDAMELTAADLLRDGFGDNPLFYCLIAEVNDQQKPSGKLTVGFAMYYFTYDSWTGKVLYLEDFYVTQAYQGLGIGAEMLKRLSQIAITTQCNCMHFLVVIWNQASINYYTSRGALDLSSEEGWHLFRFNREELLDMAWEE","function_summary":"A cytosolic acetyltransferase that uses acetyl-CoA to acetylate the terminal amino groups of cellular polyamines, with a preference for spermidine and spermine. By producing N-acetylated derivatives, it drives flux through polyamine turnover pathways and thereby tunes intracellular pools of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine. The enzyme likely functions as a homodimeric GNAT-fold catalyst whose self-association stabilizes the acetyl-CoA pocket and coordinates with cytosolic polyamine metabolism to maintain homeostatic levels.","plain_language":"SATL1 has barely been studied. The model's best guess: A cytosolic acetyltransferase that uses acetyl-CoA to acetylate the terminal amino groups of cellular polyamines, with a preference for spermidine and spermine. By producing N-acetylated derivatives, it drives flux through polyamine turnover pathways and thereby tunes intracellular pools of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine.","uniprot_summary":"Involved in the acetylation of cellular polyamines. Acetylates spermidine and spermine.","go_terms":{"molecular_function":[{"id":"GO:0008080","label":"N-acetyltransferase activity"},{"id":"GO:0042802","label":"identical protein binding"}],"biological_process":[{"id":"GO:0009445","label":"putrescine metabolic process"},{"id":"GO:0008216","label":"spermidine metabolic process"},{"id":"GO:0008215","label":"spermine metabolic process"}],"cellular_component":[{"id":"GO:0005829","label":"cytosol"}]},"interpro":[{"id":"IPR016181","name":"Acyl-CoA N-acyltransferase","type":"homologous_superfamily","start":529,"end":680},{"id":"IPR000182","name":"GNAT domain","type":"domain","start":529,"end":695},{"id":"IPR051016","name":"Diverse Substrate Acetyltransferase","type":"family","start":519,"end":694}],"reasoning":"I begin with the InterPro architecture. Three C-terminally clustered acetyltransferase signatures define the catalytic core: IPR016181 (Acyl-CoA N-acyltransferase homologous superfamily, residues 529–680) provides the structural scaffold for acyl-CoA–dependent acetyl transfer; IPR000182 (GNAT domain, residues 529–695) supplies the canonical GNAT fold that binds acetyl-CoA and positions primary amine substrates for N-acetylation; and IPR051016 (Diverse Substrate Acetyltransferase family, residues 519–694) indicates a versatile acetyltransferase that tolerates multiple small-molecule amine substrates. The tight overlap and order of these domains at the C-terminus establish a single GNAT catalytic module that uses acetyl-CoA to acetylate primary amines. This architecture causes N-acetyltransferase chemistry and supports oligomerization typical of GNAT-family enzymes, consistent with identical-protein binding.\n\nFrom this GNAT-centered core, the molecular function resolves as acetyl-CoA–dependent N-acetyltransferase activity (GO:0008080). The GNAT fold and acyl-CoA superfamily context explain catalysis of spermidine and spermine acetylation. The enzyme’s substrate scope—transfer of an acetyl group to the terminal amino groups of polyamines—emerges naturally from the GNAT active-site geometry that favors primary amine acetylation. The presence of identical-protein binding (GO:0042802) is mechanistically supported by GNAT-family tendencies to form homodimers or higher-order assemblies that stabilize the acetyl-CoA pocket and tune substrate selectivity.\n\nThese catalytic activities feed directly into polyamine turnover. Acetylation of spermidine and spermine generates N1-acetylated derivatives that are either transported or further catabolized, thereby shaping intracellular pools of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine. This causal link places the enzyme squarely in the polyamine metabolic network: it drives the putrescine metabolic process (GO:0009445), the spermidine metabolic process (GO:0008216), and the spermine metabolic process (GO:0008215). By modulating flux through these pathways, the enzyme regulates overall polyamine homeostasis and downstream pathways such as nucleic acid stabilization and membrane-associated polyamine effects.\n\nCellular location follows from the soluble GNAT architecture and lack of transmembrane features: the enzyme operates in the cytosol (GO:0005829), where acetyl-CoA availability and polyamine pools are dynamically managed. A cytosolic setting also facilitates rapid exchange with transport and catabolic modules that handle acetylated polyamines.\n\nMechanistically, I hypothesize a homodimeric GNAT module that binds acetyl-CoA and polyamines in adjacent subsites, transferring the acetyl group to yield N1-acetylated products. The identical-protein binding propensity suggests self-association that stabilizes the active conformation and may coordinate substrate channeling. Likely interaction partners include other cytosolic polyamine pathway components and acetyl-CoA–handling factors; transient assemblies with polyamine transporters and catabolic enzymes would couple acetylation to downstream trafficking and degradation, ensuring tight control of intracellular polyamine concentrations.","category":"dark","control_evaluation":null,"validation_plan":null,"structure":{"source":"AlphaFold DB","pdb":"/structures/AF-Q86VE3.pdb","alphafold":"https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/entry/Q86VE3"},"links":{"uniprot":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q86VE3/entry","atlas":"/p/Q86VE3"},"provenance":{"model":"BioReason-Pro (ESM3 esm3-sm-open-v1)","source_list":"Pharos Tdark","note":"AI prediction, not experimentally verified"}}