{"uniprot":"Q96A11","gene":"GAL3ST3","name":"Galactose-3-O-sulfotransferase 3","organism":"Homo sapiens (Human)","status":"dark","length":431,"sequence":"MPPILQRLQQATKMMSRRKILLLVLGCSTVSLLIHQGAQLSWYPKLFPLSCPPLRNSPPRPKHMTVAFLKTHKTAGTTVQNILFRFAERHNLTVALPHPSCEHQFCYPRNFSAHFVHPATRPPHVLASHLRFDRAELERLMPPSTVYVTILREPAAMFESLFSYYNQYCPAFRRVPNASLEAFLRAPEAYYRAGEHFAMFAHNTLAYDLGGDNERSPRDDAAYLAGLIRQVEEVFSLVMIAEYFDESLVLLRRLLAWDLDDVLYAKLNARAASSRLAAIPAALARAARTWNALDAGLYDHFNATFWRHVARAGRACVEREARELREARQRLLRRCFGDEPLLRPAAQIRTKQLQPWQPSRKVDIMGYDLPGGGAGPATEACLKLAMPEVQYSNYLLRKQKRRGGARARPEPVLDNPPPRPIRVLPRGPQGP","function_summary":"A membrane-anchored sulfotransferase that uses a nucleotide-binding catalytic core to transfer sulfate from PAPS onto terminal galactose residues of glycolipids and glycoproteins. Anchored by a single transmembrane segment with a luminal catalytic domain, it modifies glycan chains during late stages of glycan and sphingolipid maturation, thereby shaping glycosylation pathways and membrane glycolipid composition within the secretory pathway.","plain_language":"GAL3ST3 has barely been studied. The model's best guess: A membrane-anchored sulfotransferase that uses a nucleotide-binding catalytic core to transfer sulfate from PAPS onto terminal galactose residues of glycolipids and glycoproteins. Anchored by a single transmembrane segment with a luminal catalytic domain, it modifies glycan chains during late stages of glycan and sphingolipid maturation, thereby shaping glycosylation pathways and membrane glycolipid composition within the secretory pathway.","uniprot_summary":"Transfers a sulfate group to the terminal galactose residue of glycolipids and glycoproteins.","go_terms":{"molecular_function":[{"id":"GO:0008146","label":"sulfotransferase activity"},{"id":"GO:0005515","label":"protein binding"}],"biological_process":[{"id":"GO:0006665","label":"sphingolipid metabolic process"},{"id":"GO:0006487","label":"protein N-linked glycosylation"}],"cellular_component":[{"id":"GO:0016020","label":"membrane"}]},"interpro":[{"id":"IPR027417","name":"P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase","type":"homologous_superfamily","start":41,"end":330},{"id":"IPR009729","name":"Galactose-3-O-sulfotransferase","type":"family","start":1,"end":399}],"reasoning":"I begin with the InterPro architecture. The sequence is dominated by IPR009729 (Galactose-3-O-sulfotransferase family, residues 1–399), which defines a glycosaminoglycan/glycan sulfotransferase that uses the sulfate donor PAPS to modify terminal hydroxyls on galactose-containing glycans. Nested within this, residues 41–330 carry IPR027417 (P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase homologous superfamily). Although this P-loop superfamily is classically associated with NTPases, in this context it signals a nucleotide-binding α/β core that stabilizes the adenosine phosphate moiety of PAPS and positions catalytic residues for in-line sulfuryl transfer. The N-terminal portion of the IPR009729 family typically includes a short cytosolic tail and a single transmembrane signal-anchor that tethers the enzyme to a membrane, while the large luminal catalytic domain executes transfer chemistry. This architecture causes a membrane-anchored, luminal catalytic module that binds PAPS and transfers sulfate to specific acceptors.\n\nFrom this domain logic, the molecular function resolves into two facets. First, the catalytic core and family identity specify GO:0008146 sulfotransferase activity: the enzyme uses PAPS to transfer sulfate onto terminal galactose residues of glycolipids and glycoproteins. Second, the extended luminal domain and membrane-tethered scaffold necessitate multivalent contacts with other biosynthetic factors and acceptor substrates, supporting GO:0005515 protein binding as an intrinsic property of the catalytic platform.\n\nThe chemistry of sulfate transfer directly feeds into two biosynthetic pathways. By decorating glycosphingolipids and glycolipids, the enzyme participates in GO:0006665 sphingolipid metabolic process. Its action on glycan chains attached to proteins and glycolipids also contributes to GO:0006487 protein N-linked glycosylation, specifically at late-stage luminal maturation steps where sulfation can modulate glycan processing and receptor interactions. The membrane-anchored topology inferred from the family architecture and signal-anchor logic places the protein in a lipid bilayer, consistent with GO:0016020 membrane. The single-pass anchor and luminal catalytic domain argue for a type II membrane enzyme operating along the secretory pathway.\n\nMechanistically, the membrane anchor positions the catalytic domain in the luminal space where PAPS is imported and acceptor glycans are presented. The P-loop-like nucleotide-binding core stabilizes PAPS and aligns the sulfate for transfer to terminal galactose on glycolipids and glycoproteins. This arrangement predicts transient assemblies with luminal glycosylation machinery and lipid-handling factors. I hypothesize that the enzyme forms functional complexes with luminal glycosyltransferases and sulfation-pathway partners to channel substrates efficiently. Likely interactors include PAPS-producing enzymes and trafficking modules that deliver lipid-linked glycans and glycolipids to the catalytic site, coordinating sulfation with broader glycan and sphingolipid maturation.","category":"dark","control_evaluation":null,"validation_plan":null,"structure":{"source":"AlphaFold DB","pdb":"/structures/AF-Q96A11.pdb","alphafold":"https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/entry/Q96A11"},"links":{"uniprot":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q96A11/entry","atlas":"/p/Q96A11"},"provenance":{"model":"BioReason-Pro (ESM3 esm3-sm-open-v1)","source_list":"Pharos Tdark","note":"AI prediction, not experimentally verified"}}