{"uniprot":"Q96DB5","gene":"RMDN1","name":"Regulator of microtubule dynamics protein 1","organism":"Homo sapiens (Human)","status":"dark","length":314,"sequence":"MALAARLWRLLPFRRGAAPGSRLPAGTSGSRGHCGPCRFRGFEVMGNPGTFKRGLLLSALSYLGFETYQVISQAAVVHATAKVEEILEQADYLYESGETEKLYQLLTQYKESEDAELLWRLARASRDVAQLSRTSEEEKKLLVYEALEYAKRALEKNESSFASHKWYAICLSDVGDYEGIKAKIANAYIIKEHFEKAIELNPKDATSIHLMGIWCYTFAEMPWYQRRIAKMLFATPPSSTYEKALGYFHRAEQVDPNFYSKNLLLLGKTYLKLHNKKLAAFWLMKAKDYPAHTEEDKQIQTEAAQLLTSFSEKN","function_summary":"A cytoplasmic, spindle-enriched alpha-helical scaffold that binds and stabilizes microtubules to organize mitotic spindle architecture and regulate microtubule dynamics. By assembling multivalent complexes on spindle microtubules and at spindle poles, it supports faithful chromosome segregation while coupling cytoskeletal state to organelle dynamics. The same scaffold likely coordinates mitochondrial fusion by positioning and concentrating fusion machinery and transport factors along microtubule tracks.","plain_language":"RMDN1 has barely been studied. The model's best guess: A cytoplasmic, spindle-enriched alpha-helical scaffold that binds and stabilizes microtubules to organize mitotic spindle architecture and regulate microtubule dynamics. By assembling multivalent complexes on spindle microtubules and at spindle poles, it supports faithful chromosome segregation while coupling cytoskeletal state to organelle dynamics.","uniprot_summary":"Involved in microtubule dynamics and mitotic spindle assembly.","go_terms":{"molecular_function":[{"id":"GO:0008017","label":"microtubule binding"}],"biological_process":[{"id":"GO:0008053","label":"mitochondrial fusion"}],"cellular_component":[{"id":"GO:0097431","label":"mitotic spindle pole"},{"id":"GO:0005876","label":"spindle microtubule"}]},"interpro":[{"id":"IPR011990","name":"Tetratricopeptide-like helical domain superfamily","type":"homologous_superfamily","start":81,"end":295},{"id":"IPR049039","name":"Regulator of microtubule dynamics protein 1-3, alpha-helical domain","type":"domain","start":86,"end":310}],"reasoning":"I begin with the InterPro architecture. The core of the protein is an extended alpha-helical scaffold: IPR011990 (Tetratricopeptide-like helical domain superfamily, residues 81–295) overlaps with IPR049039 (Regulator of microtubule dynamics protein 1–3, alpha-helical domain, residues 86–310). This tandem of helical repeat-like modules creates a solenoid surface optimized for avid, multivalent macromolecular contacts rather than catalysis. Such TPR-like arrays commonly mediate selective binding to cytoskeletal polymers and their adaptors. The N-to-C arrangement—broad helical-repeat superfamily encompassed by a more specific RMD1–3 helical domain—imposes a rigid, elongated binding platform that stabilizes and organizes microtubule-associated assemblies.\n\nThis architecture causes a direct molecular function: GO:0008017 microtubule binding. The helical-repeat scaffold provides the curvature-matching and electrostatic interface necessary to dock onto the microtubule lattice and to engage spindle-associated factors. By stabilizing microtubules and concentrating minus-end–proximal assemblies, the scaffold promotes spindle pole integrity and regulates microtubule dynamics.\n\nFrom this molecular function, the biological process follows. Stabilization and organization of spindle microtubules is a prerequisite for faithful chromosome segregation, but the same helical platform can couple cytoskeletal state to organelle dynamics. The protein’s microtubule-binding activity positions it to influence GO:0008053 mitochondrial fusion. Mitochondrial fusion depends on precise spatial coordination of outer-membrane tethering and GTPase-driven fusion machinery; microtubule-bound adaptors frequently tune this process by delivering and concentrating fusion factors and by synchronizing mitochondrial distribution with cell-cycle–dependent cytoskeletal architecture.\n\nCellular localization is dictated by the binding surface and its mitotic itinerary. The helical scaffold concentrates at spindle structures, explaining occupancy of GO:0005876 spindle microtubule and GO:0097431 mitotic spindle pole. Its soluble, repeat-rich body is consistent with a cytoplasmic pool that tracks to the spindle apparatus as cells enter mitosis. Thus, the same binding determinants that drive microtubule association also account for cytoplasm-to-spindle redistribution.\n\nMechanistically, I hypothesize that the helical-repeat core nucleates a multi-protein hub that couples microtubule lattice stabilization to organelle fusion pathways. At the spindle, it likely recruits tubulin and spindle-pole organizers to dampen catastrophe and support pole focusing. Off the spindle, it may transiently engage mitochondrial outer-membrane complexes to coordinate fusion with cytoskeletal state. Candidate partners include tubulin heterodimers and spindle organizers (for microtubule binding and pole focusing), as well as mitochondrial fusion machinery and transport adaptors that read microtubule tracks to position mitochondria for fusion events.","category":"dark","control_evaluation":null,"validation_plan":null,"structure":{"source":"AlphaFold DB","pdb":"/structures/AF-Q96DB5.pdb","alphafold":"https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/entry/Q96DB5"},"links":{"uniprot":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q96DB5/entry","atlas":"/p/Q96DB5"},"provenance":{"model":"BioReason-Pro (ESM3 esm3-sm-open-v1)","source_list":"Pharos Tdark","note":"AI prediction, not experimentally verified"}}